1992 Atlantic hurricane season

1992 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
First storm formed April 21, 1992
Last storm dissipated October 30, 1992
Strongest storm Andrew – 922 mbar (hPa) (27.24 inHg), 175 mph (280 km/h)
Total depressions 10
Total storms 7
Hurricanes 4
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) 1
Total fatalities 66
Total damage $26 billion (1992 USD)
Atlantic hurricane seasons
1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
Related article

The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season had one of the latest dates on record for the first named storm. The season officially began on June 1, 1992, and lasted until November 30, 1992. It was the least active hurricane season in nine years due to a strong El Niño. The first storm, an unnamed subtropical storm, developed in the central Atlantic on April 21, over a month before the official start of hurricane season. The most significant storm of the season was Hurricane Andrew, which at the time was the costliest United States hurricane. After crossing the Bahamas, the hurricane made landfall in Florida and Louisiana. It caused $26 billion (1992 USD) in damage, mostly in Florida, and 65 fatalities. Andrew was also the strongest hurricane of the season, reaching winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) while approaching Florida. Unusually, Hurricanes Bonnie and Charley produced tropical storm force winds in the Azores, and the former hurricane caused one fatality. Tropical Storm Danielle was one of few tropical cyclones known to make landfall on the Delmarva Peninsula. The storm caused minor damage and two fatalities in the Mid-Atlantic and New England regions of the United States. One other hurricane in the season –Frances – did not significantly affect land. The system developed in the central Atlantic, and tracked well away from land, and brought only light rainfall to Newfoundland. In addition to the 7 storms, there were three non-developing tropical depressions. The first depression of the season caused flooding in Cuba and Florida while the other two depressions did not affect any land.

Contents

Season summary


Pre-season forecasts

Predictions of tropical activity in the 1992 season
Source Date Named
storms		 Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
Average (1981–2010)
 12.1 6.4 2.7 [1]
Record high activity
 28 15 8
Record low activity
 4 2 0
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
CSU December 1991 8 4 1 [2]
WRC Early 1992 6 3 N/A [3]
CSU April 1992 8 4 1 [4]
CSU June 1992 8 4 1 [4]
CSU August 1992 8 4 1 [5]
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Actual activity 8 4 1

Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU) and the Weather Research Center (WRC). A normal season as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has 12.1 named storms, of which 6.4 reach hurricane strength, and 2.7 become major hurricanes.[1] In December 1991, CSU issued its first forecast for the year and predicted that 1992 would see eight named storms, four hurricanes, and one major hurricane.[2] CSU also issued a forecast in April, June and August, however no revisions were made to the numbers of named storms, hurricanes, and major hurricane predicted in 1992.[4][4][5] Prior to the season starting, the WRC predicted that the season would see six named storms, with three of those becoming a hurricane while no forecast was made on the numbers of major hurricanes.[3]

Season activity

The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1,[6] but activity in 1992 began more than a month earlier with the formation of Subtropical Storm One on April 21. It was a below average season in which 10 tropical depressions formed. Seven of the depressions attained tropical storm status, and four of these attained hurricane status. In addition, one tropical cyclone eventually attained major hurricane status,[7] which is below the 1981–2010 average of 2.7 per season.[1] The low amount of activity is attributed to an El Niño that persisted since the previous season.[8] Another explanation for lack of tropical cyclogenesis that there were weaker than normal tropical waves, which are the source for most North Atlantic tropical cyclones.[9] Only two hurricanes and one tropical storm made landfall during the season. However, damage from Hurricane Andrew was astronomical, causing most of the season's 106 deaths and $26.5 billion (1992 USD) damage toll.[10][11][12][13][7][14] The last storm of the season, Hurricane Frances, became extratropical on October 27, over a month before the official end of the season on November 30.[7]

Tropical cyclogenesis in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season began with the development of Subtropical Storm One on April 21. However, over the next three months, minimal activity occurred, with only two depressions developing, one in June and the other in July.[7] Although wind shear was relatively weak in August,[9] only tropical cyclone occurred in that month. However, that one tropical cyclone, Hurricane Andrew, was the strongest and costliest of the season.[7] Though September is the climatological peak of hurricane season,[15] an increase in wind shear prevented tropical cyclogenesis in the first half of the month. After September 16, however, five tropical cyclones developed in a span of nine days, from September 17 to September 26. Thereafter, activity abruptly halted, and only one tropical cyclone developed in October, Hurricane Frances. By October 27, Frances became extratropical,[7] which was more than a month before the official end of the season on November 30.[16]

The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 76.[17] ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h) or tropical storm strength. Subtropical cyclones, such as the first storm, are excluded from the total.[18]

Storms

Subtropical Storm One

Subtropical storm (SSHS)
Duration April 21 – April 24
Intensity 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min),  1002 mbar (hPa)
Main article: 1992 April subtropical storm

The first storm of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season was a subtropical depression that developed from a low pressure area southeast of Bermuda on April 21. The depression tracked northwestward and intensified into Subtropical Storm One on the following day.[19] However, the National Hurricane Center did not initiate advisories on the subtropical storm until 1500 UTC on April 22.[20] Due to an approaching trough, the subtropical storm decelerated as it continued northwestward.[21][19] On April 23, wind shear began increasing on the system, which caused it to weakened back to a subtropical depression later that day.[19]

Later on April 23, the depression curved abruptly eastward,[19] although many computer models believed it would track east-northeastward or northeastward and transition into an extratropical storm on April 26.[22] The subtropical depression continued tracking into an area of unfavorable wind shear, and by early on April 24, satellite imagery showed no deep convection within several hundred miles of the center.[23] Shortly thereafter, the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories on the depression, reporting that it had degenerated into a low-level cloud swirl.[24] This was, according to the NHC, the first recorded storm to form in April;[19] there would be Tropical Storm Ana in April 2003.[25] During its duration, the subtropical storm exhibited some tropical characteristics, including a warm core and some convection consolidated near the center. As a result, the system was nearly re-classified as a tropical cyclone.[26]

Tropical Depression One

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration June 25 – June 26
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  1007 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Depression One (1992)

A tropical wave emerged off the western coast of Africa on June 12, and eventually developed into Tropical Depression One in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico.[27] Operationally, the National Hurricane Center designated this system as Tropical Depression Two, which lead to confusion because of Subtropical Storm One in April, and then another Tropical Depression Two in July.[28] Outflow from Hurricane Celia in the Pacific Ocean and a trough in the Gulf of Mexico generated wind shear on the depression, which prevented it from intensifying into a tropical storm.[27] The depression curved north-northeastward and eventually made landfall in near Tampa, Florida on June 26 around 1500 UTC. As it was moving ashore, the National Hurricane Center noted that the depression was too poorly organized to locate the center of circulation, and discontinued advisories on the system.[29]

The depression dropped heavy rainfall in Cuba, peaking at 33.43 inches (849 mm).[30] Large amounts of precipitation resulted in flooding, which damaged or destroyed hundreds of homes and caused two fatalities in provinces of Pinar del Río and La Habana.[12] As the system was only a tropical depression, light winds were reported, however, a peak gust of 56 mph (90 km/h) was reported at MacDill Air Force Base.[31] Heavy rainfall fell on the west coast of Florida, with local amounts exceeded 20 inches (510 mm). Precipitation throughout the state peaked at 25 inches (640 mm) in Arcadia Tower.[32] Heavy rainfall caused flooding in portions of Florida, which in turn, damaged 4,000 houses [11] and destroyed 70 houses.[10] In addition, five homes destroyed and twelve were damage by a tornado spawned in Nokomis.[11] Severe crop damage to orange trees was also reported.[33] The depression caused two fatalities in Florida and damage totaled to $2.6 million (1992 USD).[10][11]

Tropical Depression Two

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration July 24 – July 26
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  1015 mbar (hPa)

A squall line which moved offshore New York and southern New England formed a mesoscale convective vortex, which fired new thunderstorm activity each day as it moved within the westerlies across the northern Atlantic. Once it reached mid-ocean, an increasingly northerly steering flow dropped the system down into the subtropics to the east of Bermuda, and it maintained decent organization.[34] By 2100 UTC on July 24, the National Hurricane Center began classifying the system as Tropical Depression Two. In the first advisory on the depression, it was noted that the previous tropical depression was erroneously classified as Tropical Depression Two.[35]

Due to northeasterly wind shear, the depression failed to intensified or organize further, as predicted.[36] Instead, the depression weakened by late on July 25, with satellite imagery indicating that much of the deep convection was removed from the surface circulation.[37] By July 26, the National Hurricane Center issued its final advisory, noting that it was "too weak to classify and is rapidly losing its identity".[38] The depression dissipated about three hours later.[34]

Hurricane Andrew

Main article: Hurricane Andrew
Category 5 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration August 16 – August 28
Intensity 175 mph (280 km/h) (1-min),  922 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 14, and organized into Tropical Depression Three on August 16 while located about halfway between the Windward Islands and the coast of Africa. It moved to the west-northwest, and strengthened into Tropical Storm Andrew on August 17. After reaching winds of 50 mph (85 km/h), strong southwesterly shear weakened the storm, and by August 20 it weakened to a minimal storm with a pressure of 1,015 mbar (30.0 inHg). It bypassed the Lesser Antilles completely, and turned to the west in response to the building of a high pressure system to the north. Upon turning to the west, a trough of low pressure positioned to the southwest of Andrew created an environment with little vertical shear and well-defined outflow. The storm quickly intensified due to its small size, and became a hurricane on August 22. Andrew rapidly intensified under ideal conditions for development,[13] and on August 23 the hurricane peaked with winds of 175 mph (280 km/h). It crossed the Bahamas at that intensity, weakened slightly, and re-intensified to a 165 mph (270 km/h) Category 5 hurricane before making landfall near Homestead, Florida. It weakened slightly over the state to a 135 mph (215 km/h) hurricane, but restrengthened to a 145 mph (235 km/h) hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico. A strong mid-latitude trough turned Andrew northward, where it greatly weakened before hitting west of Morgan City, Louisiana on August 26 as a 115 mph (185 km/h) Category 3 hurricane. It turned northeastward, and dissipated over Tennessee on August 28.[39]

In the Bahamas, Andrew brought high tides, hurricane force winds,[40] and tornadoes,[41] which caused significant damage in the archipelago, especially on Cat Cays.[42] At least 800 houses were destroyed and left damage to the transport, communications, water, sanitation, agriculture, and fishing sectors.[43] Overall, Andrew caused four fatalities and $250 million (1992 USD) in damage in the Bahamas. Throughout the southern portions of Florida, Andrew brought very high winds; a wind gust of 177 mph (282 km/h) was reported at a house in Perrine, Florida.[13] High winds caused catastrophic damage in Florida, especially in Miami-Dade County, where approximately 117,000 houses were either severely damaged or destroyed.[44] In the Everglades, 70,000 acres (280 km2) of trees were knocked down and about 182 million fish were killed.[45] Rainfall in Florida was moderate, peaking at 13.98 inches (355 mm) in western Miami-Dade County.[46] Significant damage to oil platforms was reported, with one company losing 13 platforms, had 104 structures damaged, and five drilling wells blown off course. In Louisiana, Andrew produced hurricane force winds along its path,[13] which left about 152,000 without electricity, downed 80% of trees in the Atchafalaya River Basin, and caused significant agricultural damage.[47] An F3 tornado in St. John the Baptist Parish damaged or destroyed 163 structures.[48] 17 fatalities were reported in Louisiana, six of which were drowning victims offshore.[13] Elsewhere, the storm spawned at least 28 tornadoes, especially in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi.[13][49] Overall, Andrew caused 65 fatalities and $26 billion (1992 USD) in damage,[13] making it the third costliest hurricane in U.S. history, behind only Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Hurricane Ike in 2008.[50]

Hurricane Bonnie

Category 2 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration September 17 – September 30
Intensity 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min),  965 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Bonnie (1992)

A cold front moved off the East Coast of the United States, and eventually became stationary, with the western end near Bermuda. An area of cloudiness detached from the front on September 17 and quickly organized. By 1800 UTC on that day, Tropical Depression Four developed about 340 miles (550 km) east-northeast of Bermuda. The depression intensified, and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bonnie early on September 18. Due to light vertical wind shear, Bonnie rapidly strengthened, and became a hurricane only twelve hours later. While tracking east-northeastward or northeastward on September 19, Bonnie developed a somewhat well-defined eye feature. Though the eye became indistinct on September 20, it re-developed by September 21. At 1800 UTC, Bonnie peaked as a 110 mph (175 km/h) Category 2  hurricane. Thereafter, Bonnie became nearly stationary for almost 24 hours. Satellite images indicated that the low-level center became exposed, indicating that Bonnie was significantly weakening while tracking southward. It is estimated that Bonnie weakened to a tropical storm by late on September 24. Bonnie further deteriorated to tropical depression status on September 26, though it re-strengthened to a tropical storm later that day.[51]

By 1500 UTC on September 27, the National Hurricane Center declared Bonnie extratropical, since it was losing tropical characteristics.[52] Bonnie re-acquired tropical characteristics, and the National Hurricane Center resumed advisories on the storm by 2100 UTC on September 28.[53] However, post-analysis indicated that Bonnie remained tropical during that time period. Bonnie re-strengthened to a strong tropical storm before vertical wind shear weakened it while approaching the Azores. Shortly before becoming extratropical on September 30, Bonnie passed through the Azores as a moderately weak tropical storm.[51] One location in the Azores reported tropical storm force winds.[54] In addition, one man was killed by a rock fall on the island of São Miguel.[7] No damage was reported in association with Bonnie.[54]

Hurricane Charley

Category 2 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration September 21 – September 27
Intensity 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min),  965 mbar (hPa)

On September 20, METEOSAT imagery indicated an area of convection becoming concentrated while well south of the Azores. It is possible that a mid to upper-level cyclonic circulation interacted with the northern portion of a tropical wave. By the following day, satellite imagery noted a well-defined low-level circulation had developed, and the system was classified as Tropical Depression Five while centered about 633 miles (1,019 km) south of the Azores. The depression tracked northwestward and satellite imagery began to indicate banding features. As a result, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Charley on September 22. An eye developed as Charley tracked north-northwestward, and it became a hurricane on September 23. Further strengthening occurred, and by late on September 24, Charley peaked as a 110 mph (175 km/h) Category 2 hurricane.[55]

Thereafter, Charley turned eastward and then east-northeastward while tracking over decreasing sea surface temperatures (SST's). Early on September 27, Charley was downgraded to a tropical storm. Later that day, Charley crossed over Terceira Island in the Azores with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). Charley gradually lost tropical characteristic, and by 1800 UTC on September 27, it had transitioned into an extratropical storm.[55] The remnant system accelerated northeastward toward the British Isles, where it merged with another extratropical low on September 29. While passing through the Azores, Charley produced tropical storm force winds, with the Lajes AFB reporting sustained winds of 53 mph (85 km/h) and gusts reaching 82 mph (132 km/h). No other affects from Charley were reported in the Azores.[56]

Tropical Storm Danielle

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration September 22 – September 26
Intensity 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min),  1001 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Danielle (1992)

The sixth tropical depression developed offshore of the Southeastern United States on September 22 from the merger of a surface trough, a tropical wave, and a cold front. The depression quickly intensified and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Danielle six hours later. An approaching trough caused a northeastward movement, but later a high pressure system forced the storm to northwestward, which caused Danielle to execute a small anti-cyclonic loop on September 23–24. While offshore of North Carolina on September 25, Danielle reached its peak intensity as a moderately strong tropical storm with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph (100 km/h).[57] It was initially predicted that Danielle would make landfall in North Carolina,[58] however, the storm curved north-northwestward and made landfall in Maryland on the eastern shore of the Delmarva Peninsula at the same intensity. Danielle continued inland and weakened and dissipated over eastern Pennsylvania on September 26.[57]

Danielle was one of only three tropical cyclones to make landfall on the Delmarva Peninsula, the others were Tropical Storm Bret in 1981 and Tropical Storm Dean in 1983.[59] Danielle caused severe beach erosion in North Carolina,[60] Virginia,[61] and Maryland,[62] which resulted in overwash, which in turn, damage or destroyed several businesses and houses in the coastal portions of the three states. In addition, street flooding also closed several roads in the region,[61][62][63] most notably, North Carolina Highway 12.[63] Many states in the Mid-Atlantic and New England also reported rainfall, although rarely exceeding 3 inches (76 mm).[64] In addition high seas offshore of New Jersey capsized a sailboat, causing two people to drown.[14] Overall, damage from the storm was minimal, with the exception of the damage or destroyed businesses and houses in North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland.[61][62][63]

Tropical Depression Seven

Tropical depression (SSHS)
Duration September 25 – October 1
Intensity 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min),  1008 mbar (hPa)

A poorly organized tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa on September 23 and quickly developed into Tropical Depression Seven on September 25, while centered 777 miles (1,250 km) southwest of Cape Verde.[65] Because the depression was tracking over warm SST's, it was predicted to intensify into a tropical storm.[66] However, wind shear exposed the center [65] as indicated by visible satellite images on September 26, and the National Hurricane Center noted on September 26 that "the depression could be downgraded to a tropical wave later today".[67] Early on September 27, the center of the depression became difficult to locate on satellite imagery.[68]

By September 28, the organization of the depression deteriorated further due to strong vertical wind shear.[69] The center of the depression again became difficult to location by infrared images early on September 29.[70] Later that day, a few computer models indicated a decrease in wind shear over the depression within two days, thus, it was predicted to strengthen into a tropical storm.[71] However, wind shear exposed the center of the depression again by early on September 30, though it was still forecast to intensify to tropical storm status.[72] By late on October 1, satellite imagery noted that the depression dissipated, and the National Hurricane Center issued its final advisory on the system.[73][65]

Tropical Storm Earl

Tropical storm (SSHS)
Duration September 26 – October 3
Intensity 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min),  990 mbar (hPa)

On September 18, a tropical wave exited the coast of Africa with disorganized convection. The system remained disorganized until it began interacting with an upper-level trough while approaching the Lesser Antilles. By September 26, the system developed into Tropical Depression Eight while centered 345 miles (555 km) north of Hispaniola. The depression tracked west-northwestward toward the Bahamas, and remained below tropical storm status. However, a cold front moving across the Eastern United States caused the depression to become nearly stationary over the Gulf Stream. As a result, further intensification occurred, and the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Earl by 1200 UTC on September 29 while veering away from Florida.[74] At the time of its upgrade, Earl had already started moving away from the United States due to the cold front. Earl attained its peak intensity of 65 mph (105 km/h) early on October 1 with a minimum central pressure of 990 mbar. It gradually weakened thereafter, and Earl was downgraded to a tropical depression on October 3.[75] Later that day, Earl became extratropical about 295 mi (475 km) south of Bermuda. The remnants dissipated a few days later after meandering around in the Atlantic.[74]

The threat from Earl prompted a tropical storm watch in the Bahamas and later Bermuda, while a coastal flood watch was issued in Florida.[76] Because Earl remained offshore, impact was generally minor.[74] Throughout Florida, Earl spawned 11 tornadoes [77] and brought moderately heavy rainfall, peaking at 9.38 inches (238 mm) near Canal Point, Florida. In addition, light amounts of precipitation were also reported in Georgia and North Carolina.[78] Above normal tides washed away 30 to 35 ft (9.1 to 11 m) of beaches,[79] and lifeguards on St. Augustine Beach made eight rescues.[80]

Hurricane Frances

Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Duration October 23 – October 27
Intensity 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min),  976 mbar (hPa)

A low pressure area developed along the end of a quasi-stationary frontal trough. Initially, vertical wind shear prevented deep convection from forming on the western portion of the system. After wind shear decreased, the system became a gale center late on October 22. By early on the following day, the gale center had transitioned into a tropical storm, and it is estimated that Tropical Storm Frances developed at 0600 UTC on October 23. Frances quickly strengthened after becoming a tropical storm,[81] and was upgraded to a hurricane by 1800 UTC on that same day. After becoming a hurricane, Frances curved northeastward, and remained well east of Bermuda. By midday on October 24, Frances peaked as a 85 mph (140 km/h) Category 1 hurricane.[82]

After reaching peak intensity, Frances began tracking over cooler SST's, which gradually weakened the storm. The eye featured became indistinct and by late on October 25, Frances was downgraded to a tropical storm. Over the next two days, Frances began losing tropical characteristics, and was declared extratropical by early on October 27. One sailor was reported missing, however, it is unknown if it was as a result of Frances. In addition, one person on a sailboat suffered injuries during an encounter with Frances.[82] On land, Frances caused minimal impact, limited to light rainfall across Newfoundland.[83]

Storm names

The following names were used for named storms that formed in the north Atlantic in 1992.[84] Subtropical storms were unnamed until 2002,[85] as a result, the subtropical cyclone in April 1992 did not receive a name.[19] The names not retired from this list were used again in the 1998 season.[86] This is the same list used for the 1986 season.[87] Names that were not assigned are marked in gray. After the season had ended the World Meteorological Organization's Hurricane committee decided to retire one name from the naming lists: Andrew.[88] It was replaced in the 1998 season with Alex.[86]

  • Hermine (unused)
  • Ivan (unused)
  • Jeanne (unused)
  • Karl (unused)
  • Lisa (unused)
  • Mitch (unused)
  • Nicole (unused)
  • Otto (unused)
  • Paula (unused)
  • Richard (unused)
  • Shary (unused)
  • Tomas (unused)
  • Virginie (unused)
  • Walter (unused)

Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s) – denoted by bold location names – damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low, and all of the damage figures are in 1992 USD.

1992 North Atlantic tropical cyclone statistics
Storm
name		 Dates active Storm category

at peak intensity

 Max 1-min
wind

mph (km/h)

 Min.
press.
(mbar)		 Areas affected Damage
(millions
USD)		 Deaths
Unnamed April 21 – April 24 Subtropical storm 50 (85) 1002 none none[19] 0[19]
One June 25 – June 26 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1007 Florida 2.6[10][11] 4 (1) [12][10][11]
Two July 24 – July 26 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1015 none none[34] 0[34]
Andrew August 16 – August 28 Category 5 hurricane 175 (280) 922 Bahamas (Bahama Banks and Berry Islands), Southeastern United States (Florida),
Gulf Coast of the United States (Louisiana), Midwestern United States, Mid-Atlantic states		 26500[13] 26 (39)[13]
Bonnie September 17 – September 30 Category 2 hurricane 110 (175) 965 Azores Unknown[54] 1[7]
Charley September 21 – September 27 Category 2 hurricane 110 (175) 965 Azores Unknown[56] 0[56]
Danielle September 22 – September 26 Tropical storm 60 (95) 1001 North Carolina, Mid-Atlantic states (Maryland), New England Unknown[58] 2[14]
Seven September 25 – October 1 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1008 none Unknown[65] 0[65]
Earl September 26 – October 3 Tropical storm 65 (100) 990 Florida, Georgia, North Carolina none[89] 0[89]
Frances October 23 – October 27 Category 1 hurricane 85 (140) 976 Newfoundland none[82] 0[82]
Season Aggregates
10 cyclones April 21 – October 27   175 (280) 922 26,500 66 (40)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Climate Prediction Center (August 4, 2011). "Background information: the North Atlantic hurricane season". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/background_information.shtml. Retrieved 17 November 2011. 
  2. ^ a b "Forecast Verifications". Colorado State University. 2010. http://typhoon.atmos.colostate.edu/Includes/Documents/Publications/forecast_verifications.xls. Retrieved 1 December 2011. 
  3. ^ a b Jill F. Hasling (May 1, 2008). "Comparison of Weather Research Center’s OCSI Atlantic Annual Seasonal Hurricane Forecasts with Colorado State Professor Bill Gray’s Seasonal Forecast". Weather Research Center. http://www.wxresearch.com/outlook/2008wrcvsco.pdf. Retrieved 19 November 2011. 
  4. ^ a b c d James Martinez (June 6, 1992). "Another Mild Hurricane Season For Florida?". Associated Press. The Lakeland Ledger. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eb0wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RfwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6912,2547705&dq=hurricane+season+gray&hl=en. Retrieved 17 November 2011. 
  5. ^ a b Mason Peters (August 11, 1992). "Hurricane Forecast Stays At Four For This Year". The Virginian-Pilot. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VP&p_theme=vp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAFF5870C0E82D0&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved 26 November 2011. 
  6. ^ "In The Nation". The Baltimore Sun. June 1, 1992. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/113556617.html?dids=113556617:113556617&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+01%2C+1992&author=&pub=The+Sun&desc=IN+THE+NATION&pqatl=google. Retrieved 17 November 2011. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Max Mayfield, Lixion Avila, and Edward Rappaport (March 1994). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1992". National Hurricane Center. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1992.pdf. Retrieved 2011-09-05. 
  8. ^ "Cold & warm episodes by season". Climate Prediction Center. November 7, 2011. http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml. Retrieved 29 November 2011. 
  9. ^ a b Richard Pasch and Lixion Avila (March 1994). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1992". National Hurricane Center. http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493%281994%29122%3C0539%3AATSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2. Retrieved 2 December 2011. 
  10. ^ a b c d e City of Anna Maria, Florida (2006). "City of Anna Maria". http://www.cityofannamaria.com/files/Hurricane-Flood-Preparedness-2006.pdf. Retrieved 23 February 2007. 
  11. ^ a b c d e f David K. Rogers; Monica Davey; Bill Duryea; Carol A. Marbin; Marty Rosen (June 26, 1992). "Depression forms in Gulf". St. Petersburg Times. 
  12. ^ a b c Miami Herald (June 27, 1992). "Heavy Rains Kill 2; Damages Houses". 
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Edward Rappaport (December 10, 1993). "Hurricane Andrew Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1992andrew.html. Retrieved 17 November 2011. 
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External links

Tropical cyclones of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season
Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
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